「湘西趕屍」儀式世傳幽秘，硝梟淺談一二。



《禮記．檀弓上》云：「古之人有言曰：『狐死正丘首，仁也。』」意指狐將死，頭會朝出生山丘的方向，乃落葉歸根不忘本，而湘西由是而生「趕屍匠」一職。形象裡，趕屍匠或茅山祝由科道士，敲小陰鼓、搖攝魂鈴和甩軮鞭，領軍一列殭屍，蹦跳過山區歸鄉，詭譎法術、生人迴避。





是的，「生人迴避」便是湘西趕屍的重頭戲。



生人迴避，則無法窺探破解此術，傳聞紛起，產生三種主要說法：

1）殭屍是死於非命、客死異鄉者。真的是運送大體。

2）殭屍是精神異常者，欲偷偷移轉，藉詭事處理。

3）非法運輸違禁品。如《楊瑯傳》內，鬼軍送棺概念一樣。
事實上，以上三種說法都曾經發生過真實事例，而本篇研究，僅第一種說法探討。



湘西古時屬貧瘠山區、地勢崎嶇，運送亡者歸鄉，本就具一定難度。普世認為移靈方式，乃將竹竿穿過大體衣袖腋下，再由兩名趕屍匠扮演大體，一前一後肩扛，中間則用麻繩綁綑四至五具大體，一起走動，因竹子有韌性彈力，所以遠方望見，便言道殭屍抬手僵跳。真是如此嗎？



1 ）趕屍匠何時收屍？
首先，人死後細胞開始自行分解、組織自融，接著微生物和寄生蟲入體，腐敗，逐漸排空、產生腐臭味，死亡超過二十四小時為「晚期屍體現象」，屍體持續變化。古代無冰凍條件，趕屍匠職人亦不多，待尋得趕屍匠收屍，通常已過多日，大體狀況腐敗明顯（南方地處濕熱），即使趕屍匠使用硃砂、水銀、硫磺等藥材防腐或軟化，然欲把大體綁於竹竿上，同時運送四到五具大體，再趕路數日歸鄉，此說法並不可行。第一，四到五具大體的重量，僅憑前後兩名趕屍匠肩扛竹竿，力道根本不足；第二，翻山越嶺的路程，屍體隨時有損壞脫落的可能。



2 ）趕屍匠收哪種大體？
按前一問題，朋友們或許設想，假如兩名趕屍匠，只用竹竿運送一具大體呢？這又牽涉地方經濟文化和成本效益。亡者既因貧困外出謀生，其家人又如何能給付昂貴費用？每趟趕屍，至少動用三名趕屍匠，領隊者負責敲鼓、搖鈴、甩鞭，再加兩名抬屍。是以，真正情況為趕屍匠每趟外出，必須收屍多人才回鄉，喪家們再平均運送費用。

硝梟尚未田調出詳細金額，但曾閱覽過簡略明細：

1.趕屍匠聘請人數。2.祭祀費用（按規模計費，類似招魂引靈）。3.防腐費用（藥材種類）。4.住宿費（住宿專門停屍的客棧）。5.夜間城禁稅收（夜間趕屍出城，「孝敬」城門軍衛）。6.歸家喪禮費（包括下葬費用）。



古代防腐藥品，硃砂、水銀、硫磺等較為廉價，而富貴者多採用麝香、沒藥、檀粉等，例如聞名世界的「都靈裹屍布」，其真偽一直爭議不斷，曾經有學者就其布上所遺留的香氣，進行研究，發現這張裹屍布殘存麝香、沒藥等香料，極可能是耶穌門徒奉獻的香料。（按：彼時羅馬帝國富貴者，也不易購得大量的麝香、沒藥，目前「防腐香料學」紀錄中，此兩材之量計使用最多、最普遍，依然是埃及木乃伊拔得頭籌。）



相關「停屍客棧」、「趕屍客棧」，文獻紀錄不多，一般認為是義莊兼用，或營運不佳的旅社副業經營，不全然如此，防腐香料學和停屍客棧之獨特內容，硝梟日後續談。



3 ）趕屍匠最可能的移靈方式？
曾經某派已屆退休的茅山道士，接受訪談，說明該派是以竹籠揹負大體，一名趕屍匠揹一具，目前這樣的移靈方式，最符合地域文化。許多文章資料與新聞採稿，甚至自稱趕屍匠者接受訪談，均敘述「日行趕屍數十里」，礙於湘西地形氣候來說，「竹籃揹屍」確實是唯一能日行數十里的方式，且依經濟成本而論，「吆喝」（叫喚亡者之意）一趟，趕屍匠可外出十幾人，祭祀費用、夜間城禁稅收便可均攤。





湘西趕屍一隱語：「三趕、三不趕」。

三趕，即指只收砍頭、絞刑和站籠。分析此隱語後，朋友們定已發現，三趕，俱是屍首分離的犯罪者，即使「大卸八塊」運送，喪家也不會意見太多，甚至因為亡者為罪犯，喪家希望隱秘進行，趕屍匠還可獲取較高收費。



三不趕，即指不收病死、自戕和雷殛。古代醫療不發達，趕屍匠不願收受染病者，生怕自己也被傳染；道法觀念中，自戕者，其怨念深、陰煞極重，會糾纏殘害生人。雷殛者，天所不容，故遭受天譴，趕屍匠又豈能違逆天意、與天作對？



4 ）「三趕、三不趕」起源何時？
站籠，又名立枷，傳為唐朝武后稱帝時之酷吏，「來俊臣」所創，但值得注意一觀點，事實上，站籠刑盛行於明清，故所謂「三趕、三不趕」說法，應自明清後才逐漸出現。明末曹學佺《湘西紀行》，是明代敘述前往湘西沿途，人文風情最完整的旅遊文學，自福建福州啟程，歷時八十三天，約五千三百多里的「投荒旅行日記」，由此足見，湘西於明清始規模式發展。



許多研究者著重「殭屍貼符」一事，甚至出現「畫符驅蚊」說法，而湘西耆老口述記錄裡，最早是使用的是「紙錢」，目的為書寫亡者的個人資料，方便趕屍匠送大體回鄉時，能正確歸家。至於畫符驅蚊，硝梟個人認為，是把符咒浸泡驅蚊水、再曬乾，貼於趕屍匠額頭防蚊，又能增加神秘性，如同小說裡雲康的作法。符籙學理，留待分曉。



硝梟綺譚研究室，歡迎各位留言談鬼。

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